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Minh Nhật wrote this article in Vietnamese and published it in Luật Khoa Magazine on December 18, 2025. Đàm Vĩnh Hằng translated it into English for The Vietnamese Magazine.

Blue Dragon's Use of the Term, "Circuit Courts" Blue Dragon, one of Việt Nam's leading non-governmental organizations, has made significant contributions to the fight against human trafficking. However, the organization’s recent use of the term “circuit court” in its English-language publications has raised concerns about accuracy and the potential for misunderstanding Việt Nam's judicial practices.

Since 2017, Blue Dragon has promoted what it calls “circuit courts” as an “innovation” in combating human trafficking. The organization notes that these cases are typically tried at provincial courts in urban centers, making it difficult for victims from remote, mountainous, or border areas to attend. To address this, Blue Dragon advocates for bringing trials back to the districts where the crimes took place, allowing the hearings to be held closer to the affected communities..

In a post dated March 24, 2023, the organization highlighted two key benefits of this approach: it allows local authorities to learn from real trafficking cases, and it enables the public to witness court proceedings, thus raising awareness and deterring future crimes.

The Problem with Translating “Circuit Court” Despite the organization’s good intentions, using “circuit court” to describe these trials is contextually inaccurate. In Việt Nam's legal framework, the practice is more accurately referred to as “mobile trials” (xét xử lưu động). The Vietnamese court system is structured around fixed administrative divisions—district, provincial, and higher courts—as defined by the 2014 Law on the Organization of People’s Courts .

The term “circuit court” stems from a very different legal tradition. In 12th-century England and later in the United States, judges would travel on designated routes or “circuits” to hear cases, a practice known as “ circuit riding. ” This was done to promote a uniform legal system or to allow higher-level judges to sit on appeals. Today, circuit courts in both countries are stationary regional courts, making the traveling aspect a relic of the past.

Note: Illustration made by the author Therefore, applying this term to Việt Nam’s mobile trials is a misrepresentation based on an archaic meaning that causes unnecessary confusion. To improve accuracy, Blue Dragon would do well to adopt the correct translation—“mobile trial” (xét xử lưu động)—in its English publications, perhaps with an explanatory note on the format and context of these important proceedings.

Mobile Trials and Human Trafficking in Việt Nam While Việt Nam has a clear legal framework to combat human trafficking, the practice of using mobile trials in such cases raises serious questions about their effectiveness and fairness. These complex crimes are typically handled at the provincial level and criminalized under Articles 150 and 151 of the 2015 Penal Code . Human Trafficking is also further discussed in the 2017 amended Penal Code and Resolution No. 02/2019/NQ-HDTP .

However, Blue Dragon advocates for relocating these trials to the district level where the crime occurred, arguing for two main benefits:

Local Authority Engagement : Holding trials locally allows district officials and police to observe proceedings, learn about trafficking tactics, and improve prevention efforts. Public Awareness : Allowing citizens to attend educates the community on the dangers of trafficking, which could deter potential criminals and protect vulnerable groups. While these goals are undeniably important, there are serious questions about whether mobile trials are the appropriate or most effective instrument to achieve them.

Concerns Over Defendants' Rights in Mobile Trials While trafficking is a severe crime, the fundamental rights of the accused must be protected. Mobile trials, however, often prioritize the goals of public education and deterrence—objectives that can conflict with a defendant’s right to a fair trial, the presumption of innocence, and other legal protections enshrined in both Vietnamese and international law.

Blue Dragon's own publications highlight this potential conflict. The organization describes working “ with the justice department ” to relocate these trials and notes that its lawyers have represented 172 trafficking victims, resulting in the conviction of 219 traffickers. While commendable from a victim-support perspective, such deep involvement by an advocacy group raises legitimate questions about whether these specific mobile trials can remain impartial and focused on justice for all parties, including the accused. *

Mock Trials as a Better Alternative for Education International organizations like the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) agree that court proceedings can have an educational role in preventing human trafficking. However, they never recommend using real criminal trials for this purpose due to the risk of infringing on defendants’ rights.

Instead, they advocate for mock trials —simulated court proceedings that mimic real cases but do not involve actual defendants or victims. This approach achieves the same goals of educating local communities and training law enforcement while ensuring that the fundamental rights of all individuals are protected. Both UNODC and OHCHR have developed detailed guidelines on how to conduct such mock trials effectively.

Addressing Structural Issues: Discrimination and Poverty Mobile trials can create a powerful impression that justice is being served when traffickers are convicted. The language used by advocates, referring to “betrayals” and highlighting long prison sentences, reinforces this simple narrative of good versus evil. However, this approach risks oversimplifying the deep and complex causes of human trafficking.

As a 2014 OHCHR report argues, the root of the problem is often structural: discrimination, poverty, and a lack of access to socio-economic rights make certain groups, such as women and migrants, especially vulnerable. Social exclusion limits their options, making them more likely to accept risky opportunities. Addressing these root causes is critical to preventing trafficking, yet mobile trials alone cannot solve these deeper societal issues.

While individual traffickers must be held accountable, focusing too heavily on public punishment—especially when these trials portray the accused as “monsters”—risks violating human rights while allowing the state to sidestep the broader structural reforms needed. Ultimately, these trials are unlikely to foster the kind of meaningful, long-term dialogue required to address systemic inequality and vulnerability.

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* For a more detailed legal analysis of this issue, readers are referred to the article “ Defendants’ Rights in Mobile Trials ” on Luật Khoa Magazine.

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References: Blue Dragon. Circuit Courts: An Innovative Strategy to Prevent Human Trafficking . Blue Dragon Children’s Foundation, March 24, 2023. https://www.bluedragon.org/latest-news/circuit-courts/ . “Overview of the Judiciary.” Courts and Tribunals Judiciary . https://www.judiciary.uk/about-the-judiciary/history-of-the-judiciary-in-england-and-wales/history-of-the-judiciary/ . Accessed November 24, 2024. “Circuit Riding.” Federal Judicial Center . https://www.fjc.gov/history/spotlight-judicial-history/circuit-riding . Accessed November 24, 2024. THƯ VIỆN PHÁP LUẬT. Law on the Organization of People’s Courts 2014, No. 62/2014/QH13 (latest version applied in 2024) . September 19, 2024. https://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/Bo-may-hanh-chinh/Luat-to-chuc-Toa-an-nhan-dan-2014-259724.aspx . THƯ VIỆN PHÁP LUẬT. Penal Code 2015, No. 100/2015/QH13 (latest version applied in 2024) . November 7, 2024. https://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/Trach-nhiem-hinh-su/Bo-luat-hinh-su-2015-296661.aspx . THƯ VIỆN PHÁP LUẬT. Law Amending the Penal Code 2017, No. 12/2017/QH14 (latest version applied in 2024) . June 21, 2024. https://thuvienphapluat.vn/van-ban/Bo-may-hanh-chinh/Luat-sua-doi-Bo-luat-Hinh-su-2017-354053.aspx . LuatVietnam. Resolution 02/2019/NQ-HĐTP on Guidelines for Applying the Crimes of Human Trafficking and Trafficking of Persons Under 16 . https://luatvietnam.vn/hinh-su/nghi-quyet-02-2019-nq-hdtp-hoi-dong-tham-phan-toa-an-nhan-dan-toi-cao-170791-d1.html . Accessed November 25, 2024. Blue Dragon. Circuit Court Held in Remote Mountainous District . Blue Dragon Children’s Foundation, March 16, 2017. https://www.bluedragon.org/latest-news/circuit-court-held-in-remote-mountainous-district/ . Blue Dragon. “Over the years, Blue Dragon lawyers have represented 172 victims of trafficking in court, resulting in 219 human traffickers being put behind bars.” In Circuit Courts: An Innovative Strategy to Prevent Human Trafficking . Blue Dragon Children’s Foundation, March 24, 2023. https://www.bluedragon.org/latest-news/circuit-courts/ . The Rights of Defendants in Mobile Trials . Luật Khoa Tạp Chí , August 28, 2023. https://www.luatkhoa.com/2023/08/quyen-cua-bi-cao-trong-xet-xu-luu-dong/ . “5 Frequently Asked Questions about Mock Trials for Human Trafficking Cases.” United Nations: Office on Drugs and Crime . https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/news/2024/January/5-frequently-asked-questions-about-mock-trials-for-human-trafficking-cases.html . Accessed November 25, 2024. “Making a Difference: How Mock Trials Help Combat Human Trafficking.” United Nations: Office on Drugs and Crime . https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/frontpage/2023/May/making-a-difference_-how-mock-trials-help-combat-human-trafficking.html . Accessed November 25, 2024. “About Trafficking in Persons and Human Rights.” United Nations: Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights . https://www.ohchr.org/en/trafficking-in-persons/about-trafficking-persons-and-human-rights . Accessed November 25, 2024.