On April 7, 2026, President Tô Lâm signed a decision ratifying the United Nations Convention against Cybercrime, also known as the Hanoi Convention. The document has drawn significant international controversy over concerns about potential human rights violations.

Context: Signed in Hà Nội on Oct. 5, 2025, the Hanoi Convention is considered the first global legal instrument of the United Nations aimed at combating transnational cybercrime, covering activities ranging from infrastructure attacks and unauthorized access to data sharing, fraud, and online child sexual exploitation.