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In May and June 2014, twelve years ago, the streets of Việt Nam witnessed a rare political moment as thousands took to the streets to protest China’s actions in the South China Sea. [1] [2]

This wave of protests reflected uncommon movements within Việt Nam’s civil society and revealed how the government manages domestic political space; at certain moments, the state appeared to give a “green light” for public anger to be expressed, while moving forcefully to suppress it at others.

Drawing on the 2019 study “Domestic Protests and Foreign Policy: An Examination of Anti-China Protests in Vietnam and Vietnamese Policy Towards China Regarding the South China Sea” by scholar Phuong Hoang in the Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs, it becomes clear how the Vietnamese government deliberately utilized these anti-China protests. [3]

Protests as a Foreign Policy Signal to China

Việt Nam has always navigated a precarious position in its relationship with China. While Beijing is a powerful neighbor and a vital economic partner, it also exerts the greatest pressure on Hà Nội in the South China Sea. Hence, whenever maritime tensions flare, Hà Nội faces a complex dilemma. Within this uncomfortable space, public reaction sometimes becomes a strategic tool for the Vietnamese government.

Phuong Hoang’s research argues that the presence of anti-China protests does not necessarily indicate that Hà Nội has lost control over social reactions; rather, the government retains a considerable degree of authority. If the authorities perceive a strategic benefit, they may quietly permit protests to occur.

During the 2014 events, the government not only tacitly allowed the demonstrations but also directed state media outlets to provide extensive coverage of them. [4] Permitting these protests for a limited period helped Hà Nội send a diplomatic message to Beijing: it had little room for concessions because the Vietnamese public would not accept them. [5]

However, when certain demonstrations exceeded acceptable limits—particularly when they escalated into riots—Hà Nội quickly employed repressive measures to bring them to an end. [6] A stark example of such behavior occurred on May 12, 2014, when violence targeting Chinese citizens and foreign-linked businesses resulted in several deaths.

Studies have identified this dynamic as a common pattern among authoritarian states. [7]

Strengthening the Government’s Nationalist Legitimacy

Relations between Việt Nam and China have always been a particularly sensitive and fascinating issue, driven largely by the complexity and unpredictability of their dynamic. As a recent article in The Diplomat pointed out, Việt Nam does not necessarily always “lean toward China” as many people assume. [8]

As a result, whenever maritime tensions arise, the Vietnamese public closely monitors both Beijing's actions and the response from Hà Nội, viewing the government’s reaction as a critical test of its determination to defend national interests.

Although Vietnamese citizens have limited opportunities to directly influence political decisions, the government must still account for public attitudes. The study argues that in a political system such as Việt Nam’s, nationalism and public perceptions regarding the defense of national interests directly affect the regime’s legitimacy. If the government were to ignore or completely suppress protests, it would risk appearing weak or lacking the resolve to protect its sovereignty. [9]

Therefore, when the government allows anti-China demonstrations within specific limits, it shows that the state and the people are united on sovereignty issues.

However, this space for expression is never truly free.

The Vietnamese government allows the expression of nationalist sentiments only when doing so serves its political and diplomatic objectives, while also seeking to control the trajectory of those sentiments. [10] Opposition to China is tolerated, but strictly within the boundaries that the state deems compatible with domestic stability and its broader foreign policy strategy.

Protests Do Not Determine Policy

Ultimately, the study concludes that while anti-China protests may generate public pressure and alter the domestic political atmosphere, they are not the decisive factor shaping how Hà Nội deals with Beijing. [11]

Following the protest waves, the broad contours of Việt Nam’s policy toward China remained essentially unchanged, highlighting the limits of such demonstrations. Although public anger is a political factor that Hà Nội considers at certain moments, it does not dictate foreign policy strategy.

This reveals the core paradox of anti-China protests in Việt Nam. They serve simultaneously as a genuine voice of social resistance and a strategic tool for the state; however, they are never permitted to function as a mechanism for the public to influence the policy direction of the state.

***

More than a decade later, the 2014 anti-China demonstrations represent more than just a society eager to defend its sovereignty; they expose a persistent, long-term challenge for Hà Nội. The government must constantly navigate how to harness nationalism to bolster its own position without allowing that nationalist wave to evolve into an uncontrollable political force.

Thúc Kháng wrote this article in Vietnamese and published it in Luật Khoa Magazine on June 5, 2026. Đàm Vĩnh Hằng translated it into English for The Vietnamese Magazine.

References: +

BBC News Tiếng Việt. (2014, May 16). Việt Nam protests, China takes a hard line. BBC News Tiếng Việt. https://www.bbc.com/vietnamese/pictures/2014/05/140516_vietnam_riots_gallery

Mặc Lâm. (2014, May 11). Protests against China spread across Việt Nam. Radio Free Asia. https://www.rfa.org/vietnamese/in_depth/anti-cn-protest-whole-country-ml-05102014224400.html

Hoang, P. (2019). Domestic protests and foreign policy: An examination of anti-China protests in Vietnam and Vietnamese policy towards China regarding the South China Sea. Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs , 6(1), 1-29.

Hoang, P. (2019). Ibid , p.18.

Hoang, P. (2019). Ibid , p.6.

Hoang, P. (2019). Ibid , p.18.

Hoang, P. (2019). Ibid , p.6.

Vu, K. (4/5/2026). The Myth of Vietnam’s Tilt Toward China. The Diplomat . https://thediplomat.com/2026/05/the-myth-of-vietnams-tilt-toward-china/

Hoang, P. (2019). Ibid , p.5.

See: Hoang, P. (2019). Ibid , p.17.

Hoang, P. (2019). Ibid , p.21.

The 2014 Anti-China Protests: How The Vietnamese Government Leveraged Public Anger

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